Social Characteristics and Livelihood Patterns of Shopkeepers in Bodh Gaya

Abstract

Informal shopkeepers constitute a vital segment of urban economies by providing affordable goods and services to the general public, particularly in developing nations like India. Despite their extensive contribution to local commerce, they remain outside the formal economic framework, facing economic insecurity, lack of institutional support, and social marginalization. This study investigates the socio-economic conditions of informal shopkeepers in Bodh Gaya, Gaya district (Bihar), where a significant portion of the urban poor and migrant population depend on informal shopkeeping for livelihood. Based on empirical field research involving 110 shopkeepers around the Mahabodhi Temple, the research employs descriptive analysis to examine demographic profiles, occupational patterns, income levels, and working conditions. The findings reveal that most shopkeepers belong to economically disadvantaged and rural migrant groups with low educational attainment, minimal assets, and unstable incomes. Women constitute a small proportion of shopkeepers, largely driven to participate by financial necessity. The study highlights limited access to housing, credit, and legal protection, coupled with harassment by local authorities. The paper underscores the need for effective implementation of The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, along with policy reforms that enhance the social security, working conditions, and economic stability of informal shopkeepers in Bodh Gaya